---
title: "ALTER TABLE - OceanBase 数据库 V4.1.0 | OceanBase 文档中心"
description: "ALTER TABLE 描述 该语句用来修改已存在的表的结构，包括修改表及表属性、新增列、修改列及属性、删除列等。 语法 alter_table_stmt: ALTER TABLE table_name alter_table_action_list; alter_table_action_list: alter_t…"
---
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文档反馈![](https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_22khvb/afts/img/A*P8CuR4UJ_FkAAAAAAAAAAAAADiGDAQ/original) OceanBase 数据库分布式版 - V 4.1.0

# ALTER TABLE

更新时间：2024-12-02 16:41:05

[编辑](https://github.com/oceanbase/oceanbase-doc/edit/V4.1.0/zh-CN/700.reference/400.development-reference/100.sql-syntax/300.common-tenant-of-oracle-mode/900.sql-statement-of-oracle-mode/100.ddl-of-oracle-mode/1000.alter-table-of-oracle-mode.md)  

## 描述

该语句用来修改已存在的表的结构，包括修改表及表属性、新增列、修改列及属性、删除列等。

## 语法

```sql
alter_table_stmt:
      ALTER TABLE table_name  alter_table_action_list;

alter_table_action_list:
    alter_table_action [, alter_table_action ...]

alter_table_action:
      ADD {column_definition | (column_definition_list)}
    | ADD [CONSTRAINT [constraint_name]] UNIQUE (column_name [, column_name ]...)
    | ADD [CONSTRAINT [constraint_name]] FOREIGN KEY (column_name_list) references_clause
    | ADD [CONSTRAINT [constraint_name]] CHECK (expr)
    | ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (column_name)
    | ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY(foreign_col_name) REFERENCES
        reference_tbl_name(column_name);
    | ALTER INDEX index_name [VISIBLE | INVISIBLE]

    | ADD range_partition_list
    | DROP {PARTITION | SUBPARTITION} partition_name_list [UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES]
    | DROP TABLEGROUP
    | DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name
    | DROP PRIMARY KEY
    | DROP COLUMN column_name
    | {ENABLE | DISABLE} CONSTRAINT constraint_name
    | MODIFY [COLUMN] column_definition
    | MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint_name { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    | MODIFY PRIMARY KEY (column_name_list)
    | RENAME [TO] table_name
    | RENAME COLUMN old_col_name TO new_col_name
    | SET TABLEGROUP tablegroup_name
    | [SET] table_option_list
    | TRUNCATE {PARTITION | SUBPARTITION} partition_name_list [UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES]

rename_table_action_list:
    rename_table_action [, rename_table_action ...]

rename_table_action:
    table_name TO table_name

column_definition_list:
    column_definition [, column_definition ...]

column_definition:
    column_name data_type
    [GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY | GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY]
    [DEFAULT const_value]
    [NULL | NOT NULL] [[PRIMARY] KEY] [UNIQUE [KEY]] comment

column_desc_list:
    column_desc [, column_desc ...]

column_desc:
     column_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]

references_clause:
     REFERENCES table_name [ (column_name, column_name ...) ] [ON DELETE {CASCADE}]

index_option:
      [GLOBAL | LOCAL]
    | block_size
    | compression
    | STORING(column_name_list)
    | comment

table_option_list:
    table_option [ table_option ...]

table_option:
      table_group
    | block_size
    | compression
    | comment
    | parallel_clause

parallel_clause:
    {NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL integer}

partition_option:
      PARTITION BY HASH(column_name_list)
      [subpartition_option] hash_partition_define
    | PARTITION BY RANGE (column_name_list)
      [subpartition_option] (range_partition_list)
    | PARTITION BY LIST (column_name_list)
      [subpartition_option] (list_partition_list)

/*模板化二级分区*/
subpartition_option:
      SUBPARTITION BY HASH (column_name_list) hash_subpartition_define
    | SUBPARTITION BY RANGE (column_name_list) SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
      (range_subpartition_list)
    | SUBPARTITION BY LIST (column_name_list) SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
      (list_subpartition_list)

/*非模板化二级分区*/
subpartition_option:
      SUBPARTITION BY HASH (column_name_list)
    | SUBPARTITION BY RANGE (column_name_list)
    | SUBPARTITION BY LIST (column_name_list)

subpartition_list:
      (hash_subpartition_list)
    | (range_subpartition_list)
    | (list_subpartition_list)

hash_partition_define:
      PARTITIONS partition_count [TABLESPACE tablespace] [compression]
    | (hash_partition_list)

hash_partition_list:
    hash_partition [, hash_partition, ...]

hash_partition:
    partition [partition_name] [subpartition_list/*仅非模板化二级分区可定义*/]

hash_subpartition_define:
      SUBPARTITIONS subpartition_count
    | SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE (hash_subpartition_list)

hash_subpartition_list:
    hash_subpartition [, hash_subpartition, ...]

hash_subpartition:
    subpartition [subpartition_name]

range_partition_list:
    range_partition [, range_partition ...]

range_partition:
    PARTITION [partition_name]
    VALUES LESS THAN {(expression_list) | (MAXVALUE)}
    [subpartition_list/*仅非模板化二级分区可定义*/]
    [ID = num] [physical_attribute_list] [compression]

range_subpartition_list:
    range_subpartition [, range_subpartition ...]

range_subpartition:
    SUBPARTITION subpartition_name
    VALUES LESS THAN {(expression_list) | MAXVALUE} [physical_attribute_list]

list_partition_list:
    list_partition [, list_partition] ...

list_partition:
    PARTITION [partition_name]
    VALUES (DEFAULT|expression_list)
    [subpartition_list/*仅非模板化二级分区可定义*/]
    [ID num] [physical_attribute_list] [compression]

list_subpartition_list:
    list_subpartition [, list_subpartition] ...

list_subpartition:
    SUBPARTITION [partition_name] VALUES (DEFAULT|expression_list) [physical_attribute_list]

expression_list:
    expression [, expression ...]

column_name_list:
    column_name [, column_name ...]

partition_name_list:
    partition_name [, partition_name ...]

partition_count | subpartition_count:
    INT_VALUE

```

## 语法说明

| 参数 | 描述 |
| --- | --- |
| ADD | 增加列，目前不支持增加主键列。 |
| MODIFY COLUMN | 修改列属性。 |
| MODIFY CONSTRAINT | 修改约束的状态为开启或关闭，只支持外键约束和 `CHECK` 约束。 |
| DROP PRIMARY KEY | 删除主键。   **说明** 对于 Oracle 模式，如果表是外键信息的父表，则不允许删除主键。 |
| DROP COLUMN | 删除列，不允许删除主键列或者包含索引的列。 |
| ADD UNIQUE | 增加唯一索引。 |
| ADD INDEX | 增加普通索引 |
| ALTER INDEX | 修改索引属性。 |
| ADD PARTITION | 增加分区。 |
| DROP {PARTITION \| SUBPARTITION} | 删除分区：   - `PARTITION`：针对 Range、List 类型的一级分区，删除指定的分区（如果指定分区下存在二级分区，会同时删除该一级分区下的所有二级分区），包括分区定义和其中的数据，同时对分区上存在的本地索引进行维护。 - `SUBPARTITION`：针对 *-Range、*-List 类型的二级分区，删除指定的二级分区，包括分区定义和其中的数据。同时对分区上存在的本地索引进行维护。   如果指定 `UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES`，则删除分区时会同步更新全局索引；如果不指定，分区表上的全局索引需要处于不可用状态。 多个分区名称之间用逗号分隔。    **注意** 删除分区时，请尽量避免该分区上存在活动的事务或查询，否则可能会导致 SQL 语句报错，或者一些异常情况。 |
| TRUNCATE {PARTITION \| SUBPARTITION} | 删除分区数据：   - `PARTITION`：针对 Range、List 类型的一级分区，清除指定分区中的全部数据（如果指定分区下存在二级分区，会同时清除该一级分区下的所有二级分区中的数据），同时对分区上存在的本地索引进行维护。 - `SUBPARTITION`：针对 *-Range、*-List 类型的二级分区，清除指定二级分区中的全部数据。同时对分区上存在的本地索引进行维护。   如果指定 `UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES`，则清除分区数据时会同步更新全局索引；如果不指定，分区表上的全局索引需要处于不可用状态。 多个分区名称之间用逗号分隔。    **注意** 删除分区数据时，请尽量避免该分区上存在活动的事务或查询，否则可能会导致 SQL 语句报错，或者一些异常情况。 |
| RENAME [TO] table_name | 表重命名。 |
| DROP TABLEGROUP | 删除表组。 |
| SET TABLEGROUP | 设置表归属于哪个表组。 |
| DROP CONSTRAINT | 删除约束。 |
| SET BLOCK_SIZE | 设置 Partition 表 `BLOCK` 大小。 |
| SET COMPRESSION | 设置表的压缩方式。 |
| SET USE_BLOOM_FILTER | 设置是否使用 BloomFilter。 |
| SET COMMENT | 设置注释信息。 |
| SET PROGRESSIVE_MERGE_NUM | 设置渐进合并步数，取值范围是 [1,64]。 |
| parallel_clause | 指定表级别的并行度：   - `NOPARALLEL`：并行度为 `1`，为默认配置。 - `PARALLEL integer`：指定并行度，`integer` 取值大于等于 `1`。  **注意** 当指定并行度时，优先级关系如下：通过 Hint 指定的并行度 > 通过 `ALTER SESSION` 指定的并行度 > 表级别的并行度。 |
| {ENABLE \| DISABLE} CONSTRAINT constraint_name | 修改约束的状态，支持外键约束或 `CHECK` 约束。 |
| MODIFY PRIMARY KEY | 修改主键。 |

## 示例

- 修改表 `tbl1` 中字段 `col1` 的字段类型。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl1(col1 VARCHAR(3));
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl1 MODIFY col1 CHAR(10);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> DESCRIBE tbl1;
  +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | FIELD | TYPE     | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT | EXTRA |
  +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | COL1  | CHAR(10) | YES  | NULL | NULL    | NULL  |
  +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  1 row in set

  ```
 - 修改表 `tbl1` 中列 `col1` 的名称为 `col2`。

  ```shell
  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl1 RENAME COLUMN col1 TO col2;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> DESCRIBE tbl1;
  +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | FIELD | TYPE        | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT | EXTRA |
  +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | COL2  | VARCHAR2(10) | YES  | NULL | NULL    | NULL  |
  +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  1 row in set

  ```
 - 增加和删除列。

     - 创建表 `tbl2`。

      ```sql
      obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl2 (col1 NUMBER(30) PRIMARY KEY,col2 VARCHAR(50));
      Query OK, 0 rows affected

      ```
     - 对表 `tbl2` 增加 `col3` 列。

      ```sql
      obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl2 ADD col3 NUMBER(30);
      Query OK, 0 rows affected

      obclient> DESCRIBE tbl2;
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | FIELD | TYPE         | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT | EXTRA |
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | COL1  | NUMBER(30)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | NULL  |
      | COL2  | VARCHAR2(50) | YES  | NULL | NULL    | NULL  |
      | COL3  | NUMBER(30)   | YES  | NULL | NULL    | NULL  |
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      3 rows in set

      ```
     - 删除表 `tbl2` 的 `col3` 列。

      ```sql
      obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl2 DROP COLUMN col3;
      Query OK, 0 rows affected

      obclient> DESCRIBE tbl2;
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | FIELD | TYPE         | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT | EXTRA |
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | COL1  | NUMBER(30)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | NULL  |
      | COL2  | VARCHAR2(50) | YES  | NULL | NULL    | NULL  |
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      2 rows in set

      ```
     - 为表 `tbl2` 创建唯一性索引。

      ```sql
      obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl2 (col1 NUMBER(30) PRIMARY KEY,col2 VARCHAR(50), col3 INT);
      Query OK, 0 rows affected

      obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl2 ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_TBL2 UNIQUE (col2, col3);
      Query OK, 0 rows affected

      obclient [SYS]> DESC tbl2;
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | FIELD | TYPE         | NULL | KEY | DEFAULT | EXTRA |
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | COL1  | NUMBER(30)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | NULL  |
      | COL2  | VARCHAR2(50) | YES  | MUL | NULL    | NULL  |
      | COL3  | NUMBER(38)   | YES  | NULL | NULL    | NULL  |
      +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      3 rows in set

      obclient> INSERT INTO tbl2 VALUES('1','2','2');
      Query OK, 1 row affected

      obclient> INSERT INTO tbl2 VALUES('2','2','2');
      ORA-00001: unique constraint '2-2' for key 'CONSTRAINT_TBL2' violated

      obclient> INSERT INTO tbl2 VALUES('2','3','2');
      Query OK, 1 row affected

      ```
 - 为非模板化二级分区表 `tbl3` 的一级分区 `p1` 下添加二级分区 `p1_r4`。

  ```sql
  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl3 MODIFY PARTITION p1 ADD SUBPARTITION p1_r4 VALUES LESS THAN(2022);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 删除非模板化二级分区表 `tbl3` 的二级分区 `p3_r3`。

  ```sql
  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl3 DROP SUBPARTITION p2_r3;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 为非模板化二级分区表 `tbl3` 添加一级分区 `p4`，需要同时指定一级分区的定义和该分区下的二级分区定义。

  ```sql
  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl3 ADD PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (400)
  (
    SUBPARTITION p4_r1 VALUES LESS THAN (2019),
    SUBPARTITION p4_r2 VALUES LESS THAN (2020),
    SUBPARTITION p4_r3 VALUES LESS THAN (2021)
  );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 为模板化二级分区表 `tbl4` 添加一级分区 `p3`，只需要指定一级分区的定义，二级分区的定义会自动按照模板填充。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl4(col1 INT, col2 INT, PRIMARY KEY(col1,col2))
       PARTITION BY RANGE(col1)
       SUBPARTITION BY RANGE(col2)
       SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
       (
       SUBPARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (50),
       SUBPARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (100)
       )
       (
       PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (100),
       PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (200),
       PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (300)
       );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl4 ADD PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (400);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 修改表 `tbl5` 的并行度为 `3`。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl5(col1 int primary key, col2 int) PARALLEL 5;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl5 PARALLEL 3;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 修改外键约束的状态。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE MMS_GROUPUSER (
    "ID" VARCHAR2(254 BYTE) NOT NULL,
    "GROUPID" VARCHAR2(254 BYTE),
    "USERID" VARCHAR2(254 BYTE),
    CONSTRAINT "PK_MMS_GROUPUSER" PRIMARY KEY ("ID"),
    CONSTRAINT "FK_MMS_GROUPUSER_02" FOREIGN KEY ("GROUPID") REFERENCES MMS_GROUPUSER ("ID") ON DELETE CASCADE DISABLE
  );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM user_constraints WHERE CONSTRAINT_NAME LIKE 'FK_MMS_GROUPUSE%';
  +---------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------+
  | CONSTRAINT_NAME     | CONSTRAINT_TYPE | TABLE_NAME    | STATUS   |
  +---------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------+
  | FK_MMS_GROUPUSER_02 | R               | MMS_GROUPUSER | DISABLED |
  +---------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------+
  1 row in set

  obclient> ALTER TABLE MMS_GROUPUSER ENABLE CONSTRAINT FK_MMS_GROUPUSER_02;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM user_constraints WHERE CONSTRAINT_NAME LIKE 'FK_MMS_GROUPUSE%';
  +---------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------+
  | CONSTRAINT_NAME     | CONSTRAINT_TYPE | TABLE_NAME    | STATUS  |
  +---------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------+
  | FK_MMS_GROUPUSER_02 | R               | MMS_GROUPUSER | ENABLED |
  +---------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------+
  1 row in set

  ```
 - 清空分区表 `tbl6` 的分区 `M202001` 和 `M202002` 中的全部数据。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl6 (log_id number NOT NULL,log_value varchar2(50),log_date date NOT NULL DEFAULT sysdate)
  PARTITION BY RANGE(log_date)
  (
      PARTITION M202001 VALUES LESS THAN(TO_DATE('2020/02/01','YYYY/MM/DD'))
      , PARTITION M202002 VALUES LESS THAN(TO_DATE('2020/03/01','YYYY/MM/DD'))
      , PARTITION M202003 VALUES LESS THAN(TO_DATE('2020/04/01','YYYY/MM/DD'))
      , PARTITION M202004 VALUES LESS THAN(TO_DATE('2020/05/01','YYYY/MM/DD'))
      , PARTITION M202005 VALUES LESS THAN(TO_DATE('2020/06/01','YYYY/MM/DD'))
      , PARTITION MMAX VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
  );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl6 TRUNCATE PARTITION M202001, M202002 UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 删除表 `tbl7` 的 `CHECK` 约束 `tbl7_equal_check1`。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl7 (col1 INT, col2 INT, col3 INT,CONSTRAINT tbl7_equal_check1 CHECK(col2 = col3 * 2) ENABLE VALIDATE);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM user_constraints WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE 'TBL%';
  +-------------------+-----------------+------------+---------+
  | CONSTRAINT_NAME   | CONSTRAINT_TYPE | TABLE_NAME | STATUS  |
  +-------------------+-----------------+------------+---------+
  | TBL8_EQUAL_CHECK1 | C               | TBL8       | ENABLED |
  | TBL7_EQUAL_CHECK1 | C               | TBL7       | ENABLED |
  +-------------------+-----------------+------------+---------+
  2 rows in set

  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl7 DROP CONSTRAINT tbl7_equal_check1;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM user_constraints WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE 'TBL%';
  +-------------------+-----------------+------------+---------+
  | CONSTRAINT_NAME   | CONSTRAINT_TYPE | TABLE_NAME | STATUS  |
  +-------------------+-----------------+------------+---------+
  | TBL8_EQUAL_CHECK1 | C               | TBL8       | ENABLED |
  +-------------------+-----------------+------------+---------+
  1 row in set

  ```
 - 把表 `tbl8` 从表组 `tblgroup1` 中移到表组 `tblgroup2` 中。

  ```sql
  obclient> SHOW TABLEGROUPS;
  +-----------------+------------+---------------+
  | TABLEGROUP_NAME | TABLE_NAME | DATABASE_NAME |
  +-----------------+------------+---------------+
  | TBLGROUP1             | TBL8         | SYS           |
  | TBLGROUP2             | NULL       | NULL          |
  | oceanbase       | NULL       | NULL          |
  +-----------------+------------+---------------+
  3 rows in set

  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl8 SET TABLEGROUP tblgroup2;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> SHOW TABLEGROUPS;
  +-----------------+------------+---------------+
  | TABLEGROUP_NAME | TABLE_NAME | DATABASE_NAME |
  +-----------------+------------+---------------+
  | TBLGROUP1             | NULL       | NULL          |
  | TBLGROUP2             | TBL8         | SYS           |
  | oceanbase       | NULL       | NULL          |
  +-----------------+------------+---------------+
  3 rows in set

  ```
 - 为表 `primary_table` 添加外键约束 `cons_fk1`。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE primary_table (id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, names VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, foreign_col NUMBER);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected
  obclient> CREATE TABLE reference_table (id NUMBER PRIMARY key, comments VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected
  obclient> ALTER TABLE primary_table ADD CONSTRAINT cons_fk1 FOREIGN KEY(foreign_col) REFERENCES reference_table(id);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 为表 `tbl9` 添加主键约束 `tbl1_pk`。

  ```sql
  obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl9 (col1 NUMBER, col2 INT,col3 VARCHAR2(100));
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl9 ADD CONSTRAINT tbl1_pk PRIMARY KEY (col1);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 修改表 `tbl9` 的主键为 `col2` 列。

  ```sql
  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl9 MODIFY PRIMARY KEY(col2);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```
 - 删除表 `tbl9` 的主键。

  ```sql
  obclient> ALTER TABLE tbl9 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected

  ```

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